Bentonite
Bentonite is a clay material that is quite abundant on Earth. It is formed from weathering of volcanic ash and subsequent sedimentation. Bentonite is a highly absorbent, viscous plastic clay that is a valuable binding, sealing, absorbing, and lubricating agent in a huge variety of industries and applications. It has some exceptional properties: when stirred into water, it demonstrates thixotropic behaviour in which it becomes thinner and less viscous. It therefore acts as a fluid when mechanically stressed, for example when shaken or stirred, yet it hardens in static conditions.
The most common use of bentonite is in drilling fluids for viscosity and filtration control. The bentonite in the flush fluid lubricates and cools the cutting tools while protecting against corrosion.
As a flushing fluid, bentonite seals the drilled shaft from water ingress downwards and at the sides of the shaft. The mineral forms a firm sludge cake on the bore wall, which provides the borehole with additional stability. The fine bentonite particles enter into the bore wall where they swell and harden.